English

Paragraph

How To Observe A Birthday

If anyone wishes to observe his birthday, he is to do these things. First he is to invite his relatives and friends. Secondly he is to decorate his house nicely. He will also put on his new dress. Thirdly he will arrange a birthday cake. Fourthly after the arrival of the invited guests, he will light the candle, cut the cake in the middle of the song “Happy birthday to you” and serve the prepared delicious food to them. After the meal a short cultural programme is arranged. Finally the guests leave wishing him many happy returns on the day.

How To Make A Garden

My younger brother who is in class ix is very interested in gardening but he does not know how to make a garden. He sought my help and accordingly I suggested him how to do this. First he is to select a suitable piece of land preferably in front of the house. Then he is to spade, loose and level the soil. Next he will fence the land so that nothing can damage it. After that he will sow the seeds of different flowers of different seasons and plant many kinds of flowers. Finally he should work in the garden in the morning and evening daily. He should water, manure and weed out the garden. He should also use insecticide if there is any attack of insects.

How To Do Well In The Examination

Every student wants to do better in the exam. But it not an easy work A student is to do something to do better in the exam. For to do so first he has to study regularly. From the very beginning he should be very serious and sincere to his studies. Regular work right from the beginning will make him thorough. Then he should not neglect his studies. Then he should not memorize the answers without understanding. Next he should not learn answers by rote taking them from a common source. After that he should try to understand what he reads, make his own notes and revise them frequently. Finally he should have a fairly good command of the language. Sometimes he may find unexpected questions. He is to answer them off hand. But it is difficult to write good answers without preparation if his language is poor. By doing all these things a student can do well in the exam.

Morning Walk

There are many things in life that require one’s undivided attention, which we seem to completely ignore. A great walk in the morning is one of these. There are many ways we could possibly benefit from an exercise as simple as morning walk. When we go to morning walk we find an exquisite environment where there is no crowd, no sound pollution, only we get fresh air. But some pickpockets or snatchers gather there in that moment to harm a pedestrian especially doing morning walk. Up front, in today’s irritatingly fast world, we deprive ourselves of the much needed oxygen that is anyways getting depleted with time. The earliest hours in the morning would probably give us this and the quality time to spend with the greenery around us and observe around us things that only perhaps writers and poets around us seem to notice. The oxygen that we get earliest in the morning also gives great amount of energy especially to our joints. The movement in our legs releases the good cholesterol in our blood, opening up some of the "chakras" or channels of energy, constantly moving our joints and increasing our blood circulation in a way that can only be completed with our daily morning walk. A naturally available medicine, our morning walk also allows us to get rid of any gastric blockages that might not allow us to get a sound sleep, and also adding to the excesses of pain to your body. Most diabetics have noticed a remarkable decline in their blood sugar levels, thanks to their regular promenades, especially the one taken earliest in the morning. Without hesitation it can be said that morning walk is one of the important matters in our life.

How To Become A Good Student

A student who is hard-working in his study and keen on learning and able to make a good result maybe considered a good student. A good student should possess many good qualities. First of all, he should have the eagerness to learn knowledge and should study regularly. Every student is meritorious and intelligent more or less, but he gains success as a good student who has the quality to study regularly for several hours every day. A good student should have the capability to comprehend his subjects. He should not only memorize his lessons but also try to understand the inner meaning of those. A good student should not be bookish. Rather he should try to learn everything around him. He must have the eagerness about the happenings of his surroundings and the world also. But only having knowledge is not enough. A good student should have honesty, integrity because all these qualities make a man a glaring example to other members of the society.

The School Library

“Reading makes ‍a full man; Conference ‍a ready man; and writing an exact man”, said Francis Bacon and library is the storehouse of knowledge which can be achieved through reading. Generally every school possesses ‍a‍ library which satisfy the thirst of knowledge of the students. It plays an important role for the students to know the unknown and see the unseen. It is ‍a part and parcel of ‍a school. No school is perfect without ‍a library. The library we have in our school has ‍a good collection of books on various subjects. It is housed in separate two-storied building. The books are arranged in different shelves according subjects. All books are organised into categories or classes and then arranged alphabetically within this class. Each category is assigned a range of numbers and every book in the category is assigned its own special number within that number range. The text books and reference books are kept in another place of the library in the same order mentioned above. There is ‍a reading room the environment of which is silent. The librarian is highly qualified and he has an assistant to help not only the librarian but also the students. We are issued library cards without which none can borrow books form the library. We are to return the borrowed books after two weeks. Besides books, there are newspapers, magazines and books of general knowledge. It is really ‍a very important part of our school to broaden the outlook of the students, serve the teachers to be prepared for the classes. I am really proud to have such ‍a library in our school.

My first day at school

My first day at school is an important and memorable day of my life, which I can remember clearly. I thought of reading at a school from my very childhood. On that day, when my father took me to it opened up before me a new vision of life. I felt that my life suddenly became reliable and respectable. I was attracted by the magnificent building. My joy was beyond words. But a large number of unknown faces made me feel secured. When my father of look me to the Head master’s room, my heart beat fast. But his smiling face and gentle words put me at easy. He asked me my name and I told him. Then he pointed to a letter chart and asked me to say some letters. I could say them all. The Headmaster than called a teach and tell him to take me to my classroom. I entered the classroom. It was a big and broad room. The teacher welcomed me and gave me a seat in the class room. I was fascinated by the learned and lucid (pure) lectures of the teachers. I enjoyed all the lectures. Besides this my classmates received me warmly that makes me happy. My first day at school was a day of discovery- I might say- discovery of my own self as well. I felt myself important. I came back home that afternoon rich with insight and experience.

Your Daily life

I got up from bed early in the morning. Then I ease myself, cleanse my teeth, make ablution and go to the mosque to say my morning prayer. Thereafter, I go out for a walk in the morning breeze. On return, I set, about learning my lessons after taking tea and work in my study up to 9 am. Then I leave my books, have my bath, take my meals and start for school at 10 am. The school sits at 10.30 am. And breaks up at 4.30 pm. Coming back from school I have a wash, take my meals and then go the play-ground after a brief rest. There I play football or take part in other games with my friends. I return when the sun-set, and then after saying my evening prayer, go into my study and read there till it is 9 am. Then I take my supper and watch television for a while. I go to bed around 10 pm. after saying my night prayer. On holidays I go to visit my friends and relatives or interesting paces for pleasure and ecreation.

Your House

House is ‍a place where we live. It is considered as the place where we can enter anytime and anyhow to take shelter. Like everybody, I live in ‍a house, which is very nice, fair and comfortable. It offers me ‍a decent and peaceful life. It keeps us safe form sun, rain, cold and storm. It gives us peace rest and comfort. It is ‍a one storied U shaped brick-built house. It is situated in an open place with good space on all side. There is ‍a flower garden in front of it. It has beautified our house. It has seven rooms – three bedrooms, one dining room, one storeroom, one reading room and ‍a drawing room. The rooms are airy and well lighted. My reading room is very nice with ‍a single bed and charming decoration. There are two toilets attached to the bedrooms. My parents use one and we all use the other. There are some trees around the house. They keep the house cool in summer. It is very comfortable to sit in the shade of the trees during hot weather. It is free form the din and bustle of the town. To me it is the sweetest place on the earth. I live here peacefully and happily with my parents. I am proud of it. To me my home is really the sweetest place on the earth. I love it more than anything else. It reminds me of the sweet song of the poet-

‘Home home, sweet home,

There is no place like home.’

Visitors

The People who come or go to see others is called a visitor. A few days ago I was reading a book in my reading room at home, my mother called me. When I went downstairs, I found my mother with some visitors in the living room. Some people have come to see my father, my mother explained. Then mother said look after them for a few minutes, dear, while I go and get your father. Suddenly I felt embarrassed and shy. All of my father’s visitors where grownups. I am not an adult like them I thought myself. How can I look after all these grown up people is a question in my mind. I smiled at the visitors, but I felt confused. I felt strange and couldn’t think of anything to say. I said nothing. After a few minutes my mother

A village Fair

A village fair is a large gathering of the village people. It is held in some open place, Either on the fank of the river or in the yard of a temple. Goods of different kinds and taste are brought here for show and sale. All sections of the village people gather at a village fair. There are saints and sashes, the rich and the poor, the young and the old, children as well as woman. A large crowd is therefore, formed and noise is deafening. A village fair is a kind of exiibition in miniature of hand made things. There are many forms of amusement in a village fair. Traveling jatraparty, circus parties, Nagar dolas, magic shows are additional attractions of a fair. Cinema parties also show pictures of the people. A magician too is found in a village fair. A village fair is much looked for occasion for the village people. To the children, it is a great attraction. The government should encourage the fairs as they promote rural art and the crafts, but it should not allow gambling and other evil things which are likely to corrupt the morals of the villages.

A Street Hawker

A street hawker is quite a known figure in town. He deals in various things by hawking from street to street. He carries his materials on head and sometimes in hand and sometimes in a small handicart. He generally buys his goods at a cheaper rate and sells them at a good profit. A street hawker is very cunning. He knows his business very well. His customers are children and women. He brings toys, sweets and other things for children and sells them at a fixed price at a good rate. He also brings bangles ribbons, clothing’s, fruits, utensils, fancy goods and things of domestic uses for women. He speaks in different ways to draw the attention of his customers. A hawker also knows the time/ hour of his business. He does not come when the housemasters are at home. Rather the women are free from their household works and duties.

MY READING ROOM

The room which is used for reading is called a reading room. Since I am a student, I have a separate reading room of my own. It is on the 2nd floor of our building. It faces to the south. It is a big room. There are two doors and two spacious windows. Sunlight comes easily into my reading room. There are a table, a chair and a bed in the room. There is also a nice book-shelf in my reading room. There is a table clock on the table. The book is nicely arranged. I also keep a desk diary and maintain my daily routine. I keep my reading room neat and clean. It serves the purpose of my bed room also. My reading room offers a fine show. I do not allow anyone to create disturbance in my reading room. I feel comfortable in my reading room.

A book fair

All kinds of fairs are mainly organized to display products as well as to create demands in the markets for those products. A book fair is not an exception. Book fair has become very popular in our country. A book fair is held mainly in the months of January and February. Bangla Academy organizes the largest book fair in the capital city. Book fairs are now held in district towns also. A book fair lasts for a week or even a month. Different publishers open their book stalls in the fair. People go to visit a book fair to buy books and enjoy. Sometimes the writers also visit the book fair. They sometimes talk to the customers and give them autographs. There are not only books of literature but also cassettes, calendars, view cards for sale. There are also stalls for snacks and cold drinks. Our govt. and conscious citizens should take positive steps to make these fairs more popular.

A Bus stand

A bus station is a place where buses stop and start from. People from different areas gather to go to their destination by bus. Gabtoly and Saydabad bus stand are well known to us. Between them Gabtoly bus stand is the most famous even the biggest of all over the country. This bus stand is usually a place of a great din and bustle. Many buses arrive and depart and in this process there rises a great hue and cry here everyday. This place is always very crowded and busy place. There are also many tea-stalls, small shops and restaurants here. Many hawkers sell their goods at this bus stand. Books, journals, magazines and newspapers are also sold here. In this bus stand passengers buy tickets from the counters and wait for their bus. There are many facilities as chair, fan and clean toilet in some ticket counters. But generally a bus stand is an unclean, untidy and dirty place. On the other hand bus journey is getting more and more popular and unavoidable. So we should take the steps to improve the general conditions of bus stands in our country.

My mother

“Mother” is recognized as the sweetest of all words in this world. I love my mother so much. She is an ideal housewife of thirty-seven. She comes from a respectable Muslim family. She is very polite, affectionate and intelligent. She manages us nicely and performs all sorts of domestic work. My mother is very pious. She says her prayer properly five times in a day. She also read the Holy Quran regularly. My mother suggests me to follow the way of truth and honesty. Because she wants me to be polite, amicable, gentle and modest. She always behaves well. But she doesn’t feel well, if I fall in ill. And she would never mind to sacrifice her own life because of my happiness. She loves me dearly. I admire her and praise her for her lofty idealisms. She is my model to become an ideal person. I respect my mother and I feel my-self indebted to her. And I think she is grate in a word.

A post man

A postman is very familiar person. He who serves in the town puts on khaki dress and in the village he has no particular dress. But every postman has a different and definite area where he has to go. The post man carries across his shoulders a bag containing letters, parcels and money orders and other postal articles. He goes from one house to another to deliver all those things to the proper addresses. So in everyday every one expects his knock at the door. A post man is a very sincere and dutiful person. Thus he doesn’t deliver anything without the legal owner. Nevertheless he is ill paid. He is very poor employee of the postal department. But the job he performs is very important. He is very humble in the society. He brings good news though sometimes ill. But most of all he plays a significant role in the postal department. Considering his importance, the government should take a hand to improve his lot.

My Best Friend

Friendship is a great virtue. It is a blessing in life. There is a wise saying- “A friend in need is a friend indeed”. So, he who always stands by us in well and woe is a true friend. I have a few dear friends. But all of them **** is my best friend. He/She is a class fellow of mine. We have been studying together for three years. He possesses a good moral character. As he/She is sociable, everybody loves him/her. I love him/her too much indeed, and he/she also loves me from his/her heart. Actually his/her good behaviour attracts me to be his/her friend. Everybody knows him/her as a good student. He/She is very good at English and mathematics. I always find him/her helping the weaker students in their lessons and I also discuss my lessons with him/her. I think the key of his/her character is honesty. He/She never speaks ill of others, he/she always speaks the truth. He supports my good activities and oppose to the bad activities. So among all, I choose **** as my best friend who realizes me and understand me quite easily.

Early Rising(for-6)

Early rising means to get up early in the morning. It is a good habit for a healthy life. There is a wise saying –“Early to bed and early to rise, Makes a man healthy wealthy and wise.” An early riser gets some advantages over a late riser. He, who rises early in the morning, can keep all the day’s work under his control. An early riser can enjoy the fresh air and the calm and quite of nature in the morning. At the same time he has the opportunity (my‡hvM) to take a morning walk or physical exercise in the open fields. This certainly makes him healthy and his mind cheerful. The beautiful gift and the colourful nature in the morning remind (g‡b Kwi‡q †`qv) him of the creator (m„wó KZ©v). He feels like to pray to Allah. Moreover, a late riser wastes his time in sleeping and so he does not have enough time to complete all the works properly. Time always moves on and never waits for anyone. So it would be better if everyone makes the habit of early rising from his childhood.

Your parents

I am the 3rd son of my parents. My father is a teacher and my mother is a house wife. My parents are very much careful to us. We all the children are affectionate to them. My parents show equal justice to every children. We are fed the same food, given the same cloth. My parents are well-wishers to us and they are our primary teachers. They are our ideal and best teachers. They advise us to read attentively, to do good jobs and not to do any harm to any body. They taught me not to tell lies. My parents taught me to be loyal to the Almighty God. My parents are the models of my ideals. My parents never gave me any physical punishment at any fault. Rather they try to make me understand the wrong which is done by me. I love my parents and respect them. I am very much loyal to my parents.

The School Library

A library is a collection of books on various subjects for use by the readers. A school library occupies an important role in a school. The few books which students read as texts are not sufficient. They must have to read many other books. A school library helps them here. Our school has a large, well furnished and spacious library with a collection of 5000 books. In the library books are arranged in a systematic way. All books are organised into categories or classes and then arranged alphabetically within this class. Each category is assigned a range of numbers and every book in the category is assigned its own special number within that number range. The text books and reference books are kept in another place of the library in the same order mentioned above. Students can make note sitting in the reading room of the library where the atmosphere is suitable for reading. They can also take books in their home being the member of the library. I am proud of our school library.

‍A Rickshaw Puller

‍A rickshaw puller is ‍a person who carries the passengers on his rickshaw I exchange of money. ‍A rickshaw is ‍a manual machine drive by the rickshaw puller by his physical force like cycling. ‍A rickshaw puller is ‍a common figure nowadays in ‍a town or city. He usually lives in ‍a slum or in any other place with low paying rent. His standard of living is not well. ‍A rickshaw puller having the rickshaw of his own may continue his living with less difficulty. But those who hire rickshaws form the owner at ‍a fixed rate earns ‍a little and hardly suffice to make both ends meet. He supports his family with his minimum earnings. He earns money only at the expense of his health. He passes his days by pulling rickshaw all day long. His job has some risk too. In ‍a heavily crowded road or street, accidents do happen and happen often with terrible consequences. However, he becomes happy if he can manage two square meals and coarse cloth for the members of his family. His service is really very great and he is ‍a great friend to us.

A School Magazine

A School magazine is a printed journal brought out by the school authority. All its contents come from the teachers and mostly from the students of the school. Naturally it deals with the affairs related with the students and the School. It contains stories, jokes, short features, poems, interviews, memories from students and many other topics of special interests. Apart from these it also contains reports on various aspects of school life. Teachers also write articles for the students. Generally the students organize and publish a school magazine. The Headmaster is the chief patron in a school magazine. In most of the cases the editor is a senior teacher of proven abilities. An editorial committee of students under the supervision of two or three teachers carries out the management like collection of writings, editing them and the printing and distribution of the magazine. The expenses are made from a small fee called the “Magazine Fee” charged by the school. In case of any shortage it is made form the school funds and sometimes from the advertisement. The school serves as a training ground for the young writers. It also serves other purposes. It enhances a student’s power of writing. Regularly contribution to the magazine gives one a command over the language. Thus it creates a good team of writers poets etc among the students. It also helps the students to know how to carry out a joint responsibility. School magazine serves as a bond between the past and present students and develops the feeling of oneness among the students as if they were the members of the same family.

My Garden

I have a garden in front of my reading room. Whenever I get time, I work in it. I loose the soil with the spade and weed out the grass. I water the plants regularly. I also put a fence around my garden so that cattle or naughty children can not do any harm to my garden. In the morning my heart leaps up with joy to see my garden full of various flowers. They spread a sweet smell. The garden also looks very charming. I also grow various kinds of vegetables in one corner of my garden. The beauty and sweet smell of different flowers make me jolly. On holidays I work more in my garden. When my friends come to our home, I take them into my garden and show them various flowers. They become very glad to see my garden and thank me. It has improved my body and mind. Before making this garden I was a boy of ill health. I did not feel hungry. I lost my taste for food. Day by day I became weak. I started the garden to have a sound health and my health, in fact, improved. Everyday I work in the garden at least for two hours. As a result of it my blood runs well.

A Farmer

‍‍A farmer is ‍a person who lives by farming. He is one of the most important persons who play ‍a great role to the development of our country. He is ‍a very common person in our society. He is generally engaged in cultivating land and producing crops. He usually gets up early in the morning, eat panta and go to the fields to do his respective works. He ignores every trouble and works hard in the field form dawn to dusk. He generally grows paddy, jute, oil seeds, pulses, sugarcanes and many other crops. During the harvesting season, his heart leaps up with pleasure to see the golden crops in the field. Though he works hard all day long, he leads ‍a very simple, poor and miserable life. He does not get what he needs. Sometimes he suffers form diseases for want of proper treatment. Illiteracy stands on the way of his prosperity. For the lack of scientific knowledge, money to buy good seeds and fertilizers, he can’t cultivate more crops. He always remains in want. So, the government as well as the rich people should feel for them and do something for the betterment of his lot.

A FOUNTAIN PEN

A fountain pen is an important writing instrument. It is the most powerful weapon (nvwZqvi) for the development of civilization (mf¨Zv) because the best use of pen makes a nation significant. A fountain pen is the latest development (Dbœqb) of the ancient pen. Nowadays its popularity is degraded to he people. It is divided into two parts. One is the main body and the other is the cap. The main body holds the nib. It is hollow (duvKv) inside and holds ink in its hollow. Again, there is a rubber tube in the hollow. This rubber tube contains (aviY Kiv) ink. The cap has a clip attached (mshy³ Kiv) to its end. It protects the nib from being damaged (¶wZMÖ¯—). The fountain pens are of different colours, shapes and sizes. To speak the truth, the contribution (`vb) made by a fountain pen in this world has no parallel in education.

A Book Fair

A Bus Stand

A Sun-Set Scene

A sun-set marks the end of the day. It hives us most enjoyable and delightful sight. In the gives us most enjoyable and delightful sight. In the evening when the sun is about to set in the east, then nature looks very beautiful. The sun-set scene can greatly be enjoyed from the bank of the river or a sea beach. Slowly the sun goes down and its rays becomes dim. Then it looks like a dish of gold. The red coloured flash of the sun falls on the surface of the river and the water takes a golden hue. The tree tops on the distant horizon all are red with the rays of the setting sun. The floating patches of cloud along the sky look pink and golden. The western horizon appears very beautiful. People kike to take photographs of the setting sun. Then the sun seems to sink below the horizons. Gradually the sky becomes darker. Then the cow-boy drives his cattle home. The birds return to their nests. When the sun is completely set everything melts in to deep darkness.

National Flag

Every country has a national flag of her own, which symbolizes the sovereignty of the country. Like other countries we have a separate national flag and it is very sacred to us. We are really proud of it. We achieved it after a nine months’ sanguinary war of liberation in 1971. It bears a great significance. It is the pride and symbol of our nation. Our national flag is rectangular in size and is very nice to look at. It may be of different sizes but its length and breadth must be in the ratio of 10:6. The middle portion of it is bottle green in colour. Its bottle green colour stands for the everlasting freshness of our youth and vitality of our nation. The red portion of it indicates our prosperity and bright future. It also symbolizes the sun of freedom that rises for ‍a Renaissance or awakening and the sacrifice of blood by the martyrs. It is the symbol of all our hopes and aspirations. It is, as it were, the spirit of revolution itself. It is the symbol of all our hopes and aspirations. We should look upon our national flag with great respect. It is our duty to uphold the honour of our national flag and pay homage to it. So, all of us should remain ever vigilant to safeguard its honour and sanctity even at the cost of our life.

Load- Shedding

Load-shedding means discontinuation of the supply of electricity. It happens when the generation of power is insufficient. In order to cope with the shortage of power generation, the authority concerned stops the flow of the electricity to some areas for a certain period. It has become a part and parcel of our daily life. It paralyses the normal life of people. Shops, factories , houses, hospitals etc. are mainly affected by it. Mills and factories stop functioning for the time being. If it is lost for several hours the production hampers seriously. Sufferings during night is most acute. Students are the worst sufferers during the load-shedding. They sit idly in the dark closing their books. Besides, people living in luxury with modern electronics gadgets like air –conditioner, refrigerator, washing machines etc are brought down to ordinary level due to load-shedding. The reasons behind load-shedding are many. But the most common are the age old plant and machinery, poor maintenance and excess demand. However ineffective administration and planning are making the problems still more acute. The whole economy is bound to collapse if the present level of load-shedding is aloud to continue further. So, the government should think over the matter more seriously and take necessary steps to check it as early as possible.

My Reading Room

Physical Exercise

Physical exercise means the regular movement of the limbs of our body according to rules. It is essential to keep our body fit and mind sound. There lies a close connection between body and mind. e can not think of a sound mind without a sound health. It is physical exercise which enables us to build a good health. Physical exercise makes our body active and the muscles strong. It also improves our power of digestion and blood circulation. It gives strength to our brain. A machine gets rust for want of proper use. Human body is also a machine. It becomes inactive and weak for want of exercise. So we should take regular physical exercise in order to maintain a sound health and lead a happy life.

Dialogue Writing

1. Write a dialogue between a teacher and a student on “How to learn English”.

Student : Good morning, Sir.

Teacher : Thank you. What’s the matter?

Student : Sir, I face a lot of difficulties in learning English. Could you give me some proper advice about how I can learn English.

Teacher : Why are you worried? It is not a difficult task.

Student : Sir, but I find no interest in learning English and I am always dull in this subject.

Teacher : You know English is a foreign language. So, you have to study it with rapt attention and take clear conception. But there is a problem in teaching.

Student : What sort of problem, Sir?

Teacher : The problem of applying the traditional method of learning which is backdated and not suitable. You have to follow the direct method, the method of communicating.

Student : You’re completely right, Sir. So what should we do?

Teacher : You have to know the grammatical rules, the rules of making sentence and the most important thing is that you have to enrich your vocabulary.

Student : Okay! I will try to follow your advice. Thank you, Sir.

Teacher : You’re welcome.

2. Write a dialogue between Customer and Salesman in a shoe shop.

Customer : Good morning.

Salesman : Thank you. How can I help you, Sir.

Customer : Can I see a pair of shoes.

Salesman : Sure. What’s your size?

Customer : I wear 7.

Salesman : See these pair of shoes.

Customer : I have chosen this pair. What’s the price?

Salesman : Nine hundred and eighty taka only.

Customer : It’s too much. Can’t you reduce the price?

Salesman : I can reduce 80 taka only.

Customer : Okay. I shall take it. Make a cash memo.

Salesman : Please, wait a bit.

Customer : Take the money.

Salesman : Take it.

Customer : Thank you.

Salesman : Welcome. Please do come again.

3. Write a dialogue between a patient and a doctor.

Patient : May I come in Sir?

Doctor : Yes, come in please.

Patient : Good morning, Sir.

Doctor : Good morning, how can I help you?

Patient : I’m suffering from fever, Sir. Also I have got cold. Yesterday I had a serious pain in stomach.

Doctor : Ok don’t worry. Let me check it. Do you have gastric problem?

Patient : Yes, Sir. I often suffer from acidity. Yesterday I had some spicy foods.

Doctor : I got the point. Your temperature is now relatively low. You’ll have this medicine. Don’t worry at all. You’ll recover very soon.

Patient : When shall I meet you next?

Doctor : No need to meet me. You will recover. Take care. See you.

Patient : See you again.

4. Write a dialogue between two friends on “How to open a bank account”.

Abir : Good evening.

Rony : Thank you. How are you?

Abir : I am fine. What about you?

Rony : I am also fine. But, I feel a bit tension because I’ll have to open a bank account. But, I don’t know how to do this.

Abir : No need to be worried about it. Last week I opened a bank account. If you need, I can tell you the process of opening a bank account.

Rony : Sure. Please tell me the process.

Abir : At first, you will have to select what kind of account you want to open, either savings or current. Then, you will have to collect a form from the bank where you want to open your account.

Rony : Then, what shall I do?

Abir : You will have to fill up the form. You have to put your introducer’s signature and write his or her address and account number in the relevant part of the application.

Rony : Thank you, for you co-operation.

Abir : You’re welcome. See you again.

Rony : see you.

5. Write a dialogue between two friends about tree plantation.

Abir : Hello Arnab! How are you?

Arnab : Hello. I am fine and you.

Abir : I am so so. Let us discuss on tree plantation.

Arnab : Ok, at present it’s the burning question in the world.

Abir : Would you tell me the meaning of tree plantation.

Arnab : It means planting trees more and more. Tree is very important for our existence.

Abir : But, what’s the utility of it?

Arnab : They do good to us in many ways. They are the main sources of food.

Abir : Any more benefit?

Arnab : They give us shade, oxygen and what is more important is that they prevent natural calamities. We also build various furniture from tree.

Abir : When should we plant trees?

Arnab : June and July are the best time for planting trees.

Abir : What should we do for that?

Arnab : We should make people aware of the necessity of trees.

Abir : Thank you very much.

Arnab : You are welcome.

6. Write a dialogue between two friends on “How to eradicate the illiteracy problem from Bangladesh”.

Meem : Hello Runa. What are you doing?

Runa : I’m reading an article about illiteracy problem of our country.

Meem : Is it necessary to think about it?

Runa : Of course. Without literate people we can’t expect a developed country. We have to think of how we can eradicate this problem from our country.

Meem : It’s a mammoth task. Is it at all possible?

Runa : Why not? By taking necessary steps this problem can be eradicated. You’ll be happy to know that our government has by this time made primary Education free and compulsory.

Meem : Is it true?

Runa : Of course. Each and every child must complete the primary Education. Proper development is impossible until all the children are given education.

Meem : You know most of the people of our country are poor. How will they bear the expense of education?

Runa : The government has hunched good for education programme to inspire the poor children to come to school. And we have “Adult Literacy Centre” where the uneducated adult can get education freely.

Meem : People from all walks of life should extend their co-operation.

Runa : Of-course. It will need the co-operation of all.

Meem : Ok. Runa, no more today. See you again.

Runa : See you. Bye!

7. Write a dialogue between two friends about various effects and remedies of air pollution.

Rahul : Good evening.

Rana : Thank you. What are you doing?

Rahul : I am reading a report on pollution in the newspaper.

Rana : Well. Do you know anything about air pollution?

Rahul : Yes. It means continuation of air by some harmful and unhealthy sustains like smoke, chemical a waste etc.

Rana : How is air polutted?

Rahul : Air is polluted by smoke which is produced by many sources like vehicles smoke, railway engines smoke. The brick fields burn wood, power house, burn oil, mills and factories produce smoke which pollutes air.

Rana : How does it affect us?

Rahul : It causes disease like pneumonia, bronchitis and other respiratory diseases. It also causes harm to birds, animals and trees.

Rana : How can we control this?

Rahul : We can prevent air pollution by using gas in place of wood or burning bricks. The mills and factories should be run gas and electricity rather than by fuel oil.

Rana : What can be other remedies?

Rahul : The vehicles should be converted into CNG system from the conventional fuelling system. All these measures can prevent air pollution.

Rana : Thank you Rahul for giving me some important information. Hope to see you again.

Rahul : You are welcome. See you.

8. Write a dialogue between two friends about their preparation. for J.S.C exam.

Rumel : How are you Bappa? Why do you look so gloomy?

Bappa : I am not well enough to say about my position. I am not in a good position to appear at the J.S.C. exam.

Rumel : But I think you are a good student and you will do better in your exam.

Bappa : You’re right. But, I am hopelessly backward. I haven’t finished my syllabus yet.

Rumel : Oh silly boy! This is the reason of your being afraid! My condition is same as yours. But I am not afraid of the exam? I don’t understand how you will do it.

Bappa : Not at all, friend. I have studied the gist of all subjects and have syllabus.

Rumel : You have more than two months. So, go through each and every subject with rapt attention and try to grow your confidence.

Bappa : Thanks a lot for your valuable suggestion. I’ll be optimistic from now. Good bye!

9. Write a dialogue between two friends about the importance of learning English.

Ria : How are you?

Runa : I am fine. What about you?

Ria : I am also fine. Do you know the importance of learning English?

Runa : Sorry, I don’t.

Ria : I’ve come to know it from my brother’s letter who stays abroad.

Runa : Please describe it.

Ria : English is an international language. So, it is obligatory for all to learn English.

Runa : What else?

Ria : Without efficiency in English none can expect to receive higher education. A sound command over English is often a pre-requisite for good jobs. So, learning English is very much important for us all.

Runa : Thank you.

Ria : You are welcome.

English 2^nd Paper

Lecture - 01

Language and Grammar

Language (fvlv) : †h me A_©‡evaK aŸwbi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i _vwK Zv‡K Language ev fvlv e‡j|

Language n‡jv KZK¸‡jv Sound ev A_©‡evaK aŸwbi mgwó hv Øviv G‡Ki g‡bvfve A‡b¨i Kv‡Q cÖKvk Kiv nq| A_v©r A‡b¨i †evaMg¨ †Kvb& †jLv, aŸwb ev Bw½Z‡KB fvlv e‡j|

(Language is an art of expressing the thought of mind.)

Grammar (e¨vKiY) : †Kvb fvlvq K_v ejv ev †Kvb wKQz wj‡L g‡bi fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi wbqgÑKvbyb I ixwZ-bxwZ Av‡MB †ek fv‡jv K‡i †R‡b wb‡Z nq| G me wbqg-Kvbyb e¨vKiY ev Grammar eB‡Z †jLv _v‡K| ZvB Grammar co‡jB Gme wbqg-Kvbyb AvqË Kiv hvq|

‡h eB co‡j fvlv ï×fv‡e co‡Z, wjL‡Z I ej‡Z cviv hvq Zv‡K Grammar ev e¨vKiY e‡j|

(Grammar is a method of reading, writing and speaking a language correctly.)

cÖ‡Z¨K fvlviB wbR¯^ e¨vKiY Av‡Q| †h eB‡Z Bs‡iwR fvlvi wbqg-Kvbyb †jLv _v‡K Zvi bvg English Grammar ev Bs‡iwR e¨vKiY|

‡h eB co‡j Bs‡iwR fvlv ï×fv‡e co‡Z, wjL‡Z I ej‡Z cviv hvq Zv‡K English Grammar ev Bs‡iwR e¨vKiY e‡j|

(The book which gives us the rules of speaking, reading and writing English correctly is called English Grammar.)

Parts of English Grammar

English Grammar Gi †gvU cvuPwU Ask Av‡Q| †hgbÑ

Orthography (eY© cÖKiY)
Etymology (c` cÖKiY)
Syntax (evK¨ cÖKiY)
Punctuation (weivg wPý cÖKiY)
Prosody (Q›` cÖKiY)

1. Orthography (eY© cÖKiY) : English Grammar Gi †h Ask cvV Ki‡j eY©gvjv Ges k‡ãi evbvb wk¶v cÖYvwj m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Orthography ev eY© cÖKiY e‡j|

2. Etymology (c` cÖKiY) : English Grammar Gi †h Ask cvV Ki‡j k‡ãi ey¨rcwË m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv hvq, Zv‡K Etymology ev c` cÖKiY e‡j| G‡K kãiƒc I avZziƒc cÖKiYI nq|

3. Syntax (evK¨ cÖKiY) : English Grammar Gi †h Ask cvV Ki‡j evK¨ MVb m¤^‡Ü mg¨K Ávb jvf Kiv hvq Zv‡K Syntax ev evK¨ cÖKiY e‡j| G‡K kã ev c‡`i e¨vKiY m¤§Z web¨vmI ejv nq|

4. Punctuation (weivg wPý cÖKiY) : English Grammar Gi †h Ask cvV Ki‡j ev‡K¨i weivg wPý †`evi mwVK Ávb jvf Kiv hvq, Giƒc we`¨v‡K Punctuation ev weivg wPý cÖKiY e‡j|

5. Prosody (Q›` cÖKiY) : English Grammar Gi †h Ask cvV Ki‡j Q›` I KweZv iPbvi Kjv‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv hvq Zv‡K Prosody ev Q›` cÖKiY e‡j|

Sound, Letters and Alphabet

Sound ev aŸwb w`‡qB gvbyl g‡bi fve cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K A_v©r Sound ev aŸwb n‡”Q fvlvi g~j Dcv`vb| G ‘Sound’ K_vwUi A_© n‡”Q kã ev AvIqvR|

Avgiv g‡bi fve cÖKvk Ki‡Z KZK¸‡jv Word (kã) w`‡q ˆZwi Sentence (evK¨) w`‡q cÖKvk K‡i _vwK| G Word K‡qKwU c„_K I ¯úó Sound (aŸwb)ÑGi mgwó|

‡Kvb Word (kã) D”PviY Kivi mgq Avgiv evMh‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †h AvIqvR m„wó K‡i _vwK Zv‡`i‡K Sound ev aŸwb e‡j|

KZK¸‡jv aŸwb mgwói mvnv‡h¨ †h me K_v ejv nq Zv‡`i‡K ¯’vqx Ki‡Z A_v©r KvM‡R wj‡L ev eB‡Z †Q‡c ivLvi Rb¨ cÖwZwU aŸwbi cwie‡Z© GKwU K‡i mvs‡KwZK wPý e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| hw` gy‡L ‘A’ ewj Z‡e Zvnj ‘A’ Sound ev A aŸwb| Avi hw` ‘A’ wjL Z‡e Zv nj A Sound Gi wjwLZ iƒc ev Letter ‘A’.

aŸwb ev fvlv wjL‡Z †h me mvs‡KwZK wPý e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Letter ev eY© e‡j|

(A Letter is a sign used for writing a sound)

Bs‡iwR fvlvq †gvU 26wU Letter ev eY© i‡q‡Q| †hgbÑ

A(a), B(b), C(c), D(d), E(e), F(f), G(g), H(h), I(i), J(j), K(k), L(l), M(m), N(n), O(o), P(p), Q(q), R(r), S(s), T(t), U(u), V(v), W(w), X(x), Y(y), Z(z).

Bs‡iwR fvlvi A ch©š— Z ch©š— †gvU 26wU eY©‡K GK‡Î Alphabet ev eY©gvjv e‡j|

Avgiv Rvwb evsjv fvlvi eY©¸‡jv‡K me RvqMvq GKB fv‡e †jLv hvq| wKš‘ Bs‡iwR Letter ¸‡jv‡K eo I †QvU G `yfv‡e †jLv nq| †hgbÑ

Capital Letter (K¨vwcUvj †jUvi) eo nv‡Zi A¶i I
Small Letter (¯§j †jUvi) †QvU nv‡Zi A¶i|

wb‡P Dchy©³ `y cÖKv‡ii Letter ¸‡jv‡K cvkvcvwk †`Lvb n‡jv :

Capital Letter	Small Letter
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z	a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z

Vowel and Consonant

evsjv fvlvi eY©¸‡jv‡K †hgb ¯^ieY© I e¨vÄbeY© G `yfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q †Zgwb Bs‡iwR Alphabet ev eY©gvjv‡K `yÔfv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| ‡hgbÑ

Vowel (¯^ieY©)
Consonant (e¨ÄbeY©)

1. Vowel (¯^ieY©) : A, E, I, O, U G eY©¸‡jv D”PviY Ki‡Z Ab¨ e‡Y©i mvnvh¨ jv‡M bv| ZvB Giv Vowel.

‡h mKj eY© Ab¨ e‡Y©i mvnvh¨ Qvov wb‡R wb‡R D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K Vowel ev ¯^ieY© e‡j|

(The letter which are self pronounced or pronounced without the help of other letter are called Vowel.)

Bs‡iwR fvlvq Vowel ev ¯^ie‡Y©i msL¨v cvuPwU| †hgbÑ A(G), E(B), I(AvB), O(I), U(BD)| G eY©¸‡jv Ab¨ e‡Y©i D”Pvi‡YI mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|

2. Consonant (e¨vÄbeY©) : †h mKj eY© Vowel ev ¯^ie‡Y©i mvnvh¨ Qvov D”PvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i bv Zv‡K Consonant ev e¨ÄbeY© e‡j|

(The letter which are not pronounced without the help of Vowel are called Consonant)

Bs‡iwR fvlvq Consonants ev e¨Äbe‡Y©i msL¨v 21wU| †hgb : B, C, C, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z|

Consonant ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `ywU eY© W Ges Y Gi D”PviY KLbI Vowel Avevi KLbI Consonant nq| W I Y G `y‡Uv k‡ãi cÖ_‡g em‡j Giv Consonant nq| †hgb Ñ Wolf (Djd), Way (I‡q), Water (IqvUvi), Year (Bqvi), Yes (B‡qm), Yard (BqvW©) G kã¸‡jvi cÖ_g eY© W I Y Consonant.

Avevi, W I Y hLb †Kvb k‡ãi g‡a¨ ev †k‡l e‡m ZLb Giv Vowel nq| †hgb : Fowl (dvDj), Two (Uz), Cow (KvD), Now (bvD), Eye (AvB), Boy (eq) G kã¸‡jvi gv‡Si I †k‡li eY© W I Y Vowel.

myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q W I Y G e‡Y© `y‡Uv k‡ãi cÖ_‡g em‡j Consonant Ges k‡ãi gv‡S ev †k‡l em‡j Vowel nq|

W I Y Vowel I Consonant Dfq cÖKv‡iB D”PvwiZ I e¨eüZ nq e‡j G‡`i‡K Semi-Vowel e‡j|

English 2^nd Paper

Punctuation & Capitalization

g‡bi fve fvlv‡Z my¯úófv‡e e¨³ Kivi Rb¨ Sentences ÑGi g‡a¨ ev †k‡l we‡kl wKQz wPý e¨envi Kiv nq| G wPýmg~n‡K Punctuation Marks e‡j| Bs‡iRx‡Z e¨eüZ cÖavb cÖavb Punctuation Marks ¸‡jv wbgœiƒc :

1. Full Stop (.)

2. Comma (,)

3. Semi-Colon (;)

4. Colon (:)

5. Note of Interrogation (?)

6. Note of Exclamation (!)

7. Inverted Comma (“.....”)

8. Apostrophe (‘)

9. Hyphen (-)

10. Dash ( – )

11. Brackets [{( )}]

Use of Full Stop

Full Stop Øviv me‡P‡q `xN© weiwZ wb‡`©k K‡i|

1. m¤ú~Y© weiwZ eySv‡bvi Rb¨ Assertive, Imperative Ges Optative Sentence ÑGi †k‡l :

The boy goes to school.

Open the door.

May you live long.

2. Abbreviation A_v©r †Kvb Word Gi msw¶ß iƒc Gi ci : M.A. U.S.A

Use of Comma

1. Sentence ÑGi g‡a¨ GKB Parts of Speech f~³ `y‡qi AwaK kã cvkvcvwk _vK‡j cÖ_gwU Comma Ges †k‡li `ywU and Øviv hy³ nq| Asad, Harun, Azad and Amzad are in the same school.

2. Case in apposition ÑGi c~‡e© Ges c‡i : Mr. Jalaluddin Ahmed, Principal of Dhaka College, was a strict administrator.

3. Vocative Case ‡Kvb Sentence ÑGi ïi“‡Z _vK‡j Zvi c‡i, g‡a¨ _vK‡j Dfq cv‡k¦© Ges †k‡l _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© :

Rahman, do the work.

Tell me, my dear friend, how can I help you?

Do the work, Rahman.

4. Absolute construction ‡Kvb Sentence ÑGi ïi“‡Z _vK‡j Zvi ci, g‡a¨ _vK‡j Dfq cv‡k¦© Ges †k‡l _vK‡j Zvi c~‡e© :

The dinner being over, we left the place.

Mr. Anwar, I think, is the best teacher in the school.

He earns a lot of money per month, say, twenty thousand.

5. GKvwaK Pair of words _vK‡j cÖ‡Z¨K †Rvovi ci : High and low, black and white, rich and poor, all are equal to God.

6. Direct Speech ÑG Reporting Verb ÑGi ci : He said, “I shall go.”

7. Adjective ev Adverb Phrase ‡Kvb Sentence ÑGi cÖ_‡g _vK‡j Zvici Ges g‡a¨ _vK‡j Dfq cv‡k¦© :

Running away, the culprit escaped himself.

He is, so far, a good boy.

8. GKB k‡ãi cybi“w³ NU‡j kã¸‡jvi cÖ_gwUi ci :

You are quite, quite capable of doing this work.

9. Adverb Clause ‡Kvb Sentence ÑGi cÖ_‡g _vK‡j Zvici :

If he comes, I shall go.

10. Sentence ÑGi Verb omission ev Aby‡jL wb‡`©k Kivi Rb¨ : She bought a chain and he, a set of combs.

Use of Semi – Colon

Comma Gi †P‡q AwaK mgq weiwZ wPý wn‡m‡e Semi – Colon e¨eüZ nq|

1. Co – ordinating Conjunction mg~‡n hLb Conjunction ev` †`qv nq :

We went to the play ground; we played football; we enjoyed ourselves.

United we stand; divided we fall.

2. Therefore, yet, ten, however, so, otherwise, still, nevertheless BZ¨vw` Conjunction Øviv hy³ Co-ordinate Clause ¸‡jv wecixZ A_© cÖKvk Ki‡j H Co-ordinate Conjunction ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ :

He had all the qualifications; yet he did not get the job.

Use of Colon

Semi-Colon Gi †P‡q AwaK mgq weiwZ wb‡`©k Ki‡Z Colon e¨eüZ nq|

1. c~e©eZx© †Kvb Sentence Gi wel‡q †Kvb D×„wZ, D`vniY I e¨vL¨vi c~‡e© :

Explain the Sentence: “Sweet are the uses of adversity”

There are two kinds of voice: (i) Active voice (ii) Passive voice

2. Dialogue ev Drama ‡Z e³vi bvg Ges Zvi K_vi g‡a¨ :

Bakul : How are you?j

Mukul : I am fine.

3. MYbv Ki‡Z GK GK K‡i e‡j hvIqvi mgq :

Examples are Adjective are; good: wise: intelligent etc.

Use of Note of Interrogation

Interrogation Sentence ÑGi †k‡l Note of Interrogation (?) e‡m|

Where are you going?

wKš‘ Indirect Question ev Dependent Question ÑG Note of Interrogation bv e‡m Full stop e‡m| †hgb Ñ He asked me what my name was.

Use of Note of Exclamation

1. Exclamatory Sentence Ñ Gi †k‡l Ges Interjection ÑGi c‡i Note of Exclamation (!) e‡m|

How fine the birds is!

Alas! I am undone.

Use of Inverted Comma

2. ‡Kvb bvg ev kã D×„Z Ki‡Z : “Hamlet” is written by William Shakespeare.

Use of Apostrophe

1. Possessive Case Ñ G Apostrophe (‘) e¨eüZ nq|

This is Rahim’s book.

2. ‡Kvb k‡ãi A¶i ev` w`‡j †m ¯’v‡b Apostrophe (‘) e¨eüZ nq|

What’s (What is) the matter? It is 8 O’clock (of now)

3. A¶i (letter) ev msL¨v (figure) Gi plural Ki‡Z Apostrophe (‘) e¨eüZ nq|

Use of Hyphen

1. Compound word ÑGi wewfbœ Ask hy³ Ki‡Z : Father-in-law; mother-in-law.

Use of Dash

If I had not lost all my wealth-but why think of the past.

He sold many things – land, furniture.

3. Sentence Ñ Gi g‡a¨ †Kvb AmsjMœ Ask XyKv‡Z Dnvi Av‡M Ges c‡i :

All the men – both rich and poor will die.

I – er – I – that is I have passed.

Use of Brackets

1. ‡Kvb wKQz e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z ev Parenthesis eySv‡Z eªv‡KU e¨eüZ nq|

I have lost all (I had ten thousand take with me)

Use of Capital Letters

1. cÖ‡Z¨K Sentence Ñ Gi cÖ_g Word wU Capital letter w`‡q ïi“ Ki‡Z nq|

The rich are not always happy.

2. Bs‡iRx KweZvi cÖwZ jvB‡bi cÖ_g A¶i Capital letter nq|

The music in my heart I bore.

Long after it was heard no more.

3. Proper Noun Ges Proper Adjective ÑGi cÖ_g letter wU Capital nq|

I met Aslam yesterday. He likes Chinese dishes.

My father came home on Monday last.

Our Annual Examination will be held on next November.

The Battle of Palassey took place in 1757 A. D.

If he wants, I shall help him. Bless me. O God.

6. Dcvwa, c`exi cÖ_g A¶i Capital nq|

Alexander, the great, invaded India.

7. Dcvwa ev Zv‡`i Abbreviation me mgq Capital letter w`‡q wjL‡Z nq- O. B. A.; M-A-

8. Quotation Gi cÖ_g Letter Capital nq| The Headmaster said to the student. “You should obey your parents.”

9. wPwVc‡Îi m‡¤^vab Ki‡Z Capital Letter e¨eüZ nq|

My dear Mother, Dear Sir.

10. cy¯—K ev cyw¯—Kvi bv‡gi cÖ_g Letter Capital nq|

The Quran, The Observer.

11. e¨emvq, wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b, Dcvmbvjq, mwgwZ I `‡ji bv‡gi cÖ‡Z¨K Word Gi cÖ_g Letter Capital nq|

Dhanmondi Girls School. The Advanced Publications.

12. wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b cwVZ fvlv msµvš— welqmg~‡ni cÖ_g Letter Capital nq| †hgbÑ English, Bengali, French wKš‘ Ab¨ wel‡qi †¶‡Î Small Letter nq| †hgbÑ Physics, Chemistry, Biology Z‡e curriculum ev subject in examination eySv‡Z fvlv Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi cÖ_g Letter Capital n‡Z cv‡i|

He has passed in History but failed in Mathematics.

13. RvnvR, wegvb, †Uªb, weL¨vZ ¯’v‡bi bv‡gi cÖ_g A¶i Capital nq|

The Titanic, The Tajmahal, Mohanagar Express.

The Muslim, The Christian, The Sunni.

15. w`K Gi (North, South, East, West) cÖ_g A¶i Small Letter nq wKš‘ w`K hLb †fŠMwjK Region, AreaÑGi Substitute wn‡m‡e e‡m ZLb Zv‡`i cÖ_g A¶i Capital nq|

The sun rises in the east wKš‘ He spent his whole life in the East.

O Death! Where is the icy hand.

The old sailor prayed to God and He blessed him.

English 2^nd Paper

Strong and Weak verb

Past Tense I Past Participle MVb Kivi c×wZ Abymv‡i Bs‡iwR Verb-¸‡jv‡K `y †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| h_v :

Strong Verb
Weak Verb

Strong Verb : ‡h wµqvi Past Tense-G ga¨w¯’Z Vowel wUi cwieZ©b nq A_ev KL‡bv KL‡bv Past Participle ‘n’, ‘ne’ ev ‘en’ hy³ nq, Zv‡K Strong Verb e‡j| †hgb :

Present	Past	Past Participle
Do Sing	Did Sang	Done Sung

Weak Verb : ‡h mg¯— wµqvi mv‡_ ‘d’, ‘ed’ ev ‘t’ ‡hvM K‡i Past Tense I Past Participle MVb Kiv nq A_ev †hme Verb Gi iƒc Past Tense I Past Participle G AcwiewZ©Z _v‡K Zv‡`i‡K Weak Verb e‡j| †hgb :

Present	Past	Past Participle
Like Cut	Liked Cut	Liked Cut

wb‡P KZK¸‡jv cÖPwjZ Strong Verb I Weak Verb-Gi Past Tense I Past Participle form ‡`Lv‡bv n‡jv :

Strong Verb

Present	Past	Past Participle
Abide (_vKv, evm Kiv)	Abode	Abode
Arise (DVv)	Arose	Arisen
Awake (RvMv ev RvMvb)	Awoke	Awaken
Be, am, is (nIqv)	was	been
Bear (enb Kiv)	Bore	Borne
Bear (cÖme Kiv)	Bore	born
Beat (gviv)	beat	beaten
Begin (Avi¤¢ Kiv)	began	begun
Bid (AvÁv Kiv)	bade, bid	biden, bid
Bind (evuav)	bound	bound
Bite (Kvgovb)	bit	bitten, bit
Blow (cÖevwnZ nIqv)	blew	blown
Break (fv½v)	broke	broken
Become (nIqv)	became	become
Blow (AvNvZ Kiv)	blew	blown
Beget (Drcbœ Kiv)	begot	begot, begotten
Choose (cQ›` Kiv)	Chose	chosen
Cling (†j‡M _vKv)	clung	clung
Come (Avmv)	came	come
Present	Past	Past Participle
Dig (Lbb Kiv)	dug	dug
Do (Kiv)	did	done
Draw (AvuKv, Uvbv)	drew	drawn
Drink (cvb Kiv)	drank	drunk
Drive (Pvjvb)	drove	driven
Eat (LvIqv)	ate	eaten
Fall (cov)	fell	fallen
Fight (hy× Kiv, gvivgvwi Kiv)	fought	fought
Find (‡`Lv)	found	found
Fly (Dov)	flew	flown
Forget (fy‡j hvIqv)	forgot	forgotten
Forbid (wb‡la Kiv)	forbade	forbidden
Get (cvIqv)	got	got, gotten
Give (†`qv)	gave	given
Grow (Rb¥vb)	grew	grown
Go (hvIqv)	went	gone
Hang (Sz‡j ivLv)	hung	hung
Hide (jyKvb)	hid	hidden, hid
Hold (aiv)	held	held
Present	Past	Past Participle
Know (Rvbv)	knew	known
Lead (cwiPvjbv)	led	led
Lie (†kvqv)	lay	lain
Mistake (fyj Kiv)	mistook	mistaken
Ride (†Nvovq Pov)	rode	ridden
Ring (evRvb)	rang	rung
Rise (DVv)	rose	risen
Run (†`Šovb)	ran	run
See (‡`Lv)	saw	seen
Shine (wKiY †`qv)	shone	shone
Sing (Mvb Kiv)	sang	sung
Sink (Wyev)	sank	sunk
Sit (emv)	sat	sat
Speak (K_v ejv)	spoke	spoken
Spin (myZv KvUv)	span	span
Stand (`vuovb)	stood	stood
Steal (Pzwi Kiv)	stole	stolen
Strike (AvNvZ Kiv)	struck	struck, stricken
Swear (kc_ Kiv)	swore	sworn
Swim (mvuZvi KvUv)	swam	swum
Shake (Kvucv‡bv)	shook	shook, shaken
Take (jIqv)	took	taken
Tear (wQu‡o †djv)	tore	torn
Throw (wb‡¶c Kiv)	threw	thrown
Wake (RvMv)	woke	waken
Wear (civ)	wore	worn
Weave (†evbv)	wove	woven
Win (Rq Kiv)	won	won
Wind (cvKvb, Nwo‡Z `g †`qv)	wound	wound
Write (†jLv)	wrote	written

Weak Verb

Present	Past	Past Participle
Act (KvR Kiv)	acted	acted
Agree (m¤§Z nIqv)	agreed	agreed
Advise (Dc‡`k ‡`qv)	advised	advised
Apply (cÖ‡qvM Kiv)	applied	applied
Accept (MÖnY Kiv)	accepted	accepted
Add (†hvM Kiv)	added	added
Ask (wRÁvmv Kiv)	asked	asked
Bring (Avbv)	brought	brought
Present	Past	Past Participle
Build (wbgv©Y Kiv)	built	built
Burn (†cvovb)	burnt	burnt
Buy (µq Kiv)	bought	bought
Believe (wek¦vm Kiv)	believed	believed
Boil (wm× Kiv)	boiled	boiled
Cast (wb‡¶c Kiv)	cast	cast
Catch (aiv)	caught	caught
Clothe (e¯¿ve„Z Kiv)	clothed, clad	clothed, clad
Cost (LiP Kiv)	cost	cost
Creep (ey‡K †nu‡U Pjv)	crept	crept
Cut (KvUv)	cut	cut
Call (WvKv)	called	called
Can (cviv)	could	could
Carry (enb Kiv)	carried	carried
Cook ivbœv Kiv)	cooked	cooked
Confess (¯^xKvi Kiv)	confessed	confessed
Collect (msMÖn Kiv)	collected	collected
Consult (civgk© PvIqv)	consulted	consulted
Cry (wPrKvi Kiv)	cried	cried
Deal (AvPiY Kiv, e¨emvq Kiv)	dealt	dealt
Die (giv)	died	died
Dream (¯^cœ †`Lv)	dreamt	dreamt
Dwell (evm Kiv)	dwelt	dwelt
Dance (bvPv)	danced	danced
Dive (Wye †`Iqv)	dived	dived
Dry (ïKv‡bv)	dried	dried
Deceive (cÖZviYv Kiv)	deceived	deceived
Declare (†NvlYv ‡`Iqv)	declared	declared
Describe (eY©bv Kiv)	described	described
Enter (cÖ‡ek Kiv)	entered	entered
Earn (DcvR©b Kiv)	earned	earned
Endure (mn¨ Kiv)	endured	endured
Entertain (Avc¨vqb Kiv)	entertained	entertained
Feed (LvIqv‡bv)	fed	fed
Feel (Abyfe Kiv)	felt	felt
Flee (cjvqb Kiv)	fled	fled
Flow (cÖevwnZ Kiv)	flowed	flowed
Fear (fq cvIqv)	feared	feared
Fall (cwZZ Kiv)	feel	falled
Fill (c~Y© Kiv)	filled	filled
Present	Past	Past Participle
Have (cvIqv)	had	had
Hang (dvuwm †`qv)	hanged	hanged
Hear (†kvbv)	heard	heard
Hit (AvNvZ Kiv)	hit	hit
Hurt (AvNvZ Kiv)	hurt	hurt
Help (mvnvh¨ Kiv)	helped	helped
Hire (fvov Kiv)	hired	hired
Keep (ivLv)	kept	kept
Kick (jvw_ gviv)	kicked	kicked
Knock (av°v †`Iqv)	knocked	knocked
Lay (ivLv, wWg cvov)	laid	laid
Learn (wk¶v Kiv)	learnt	learnt
Leave (Z¨vM Kiv)	left	left
Lend (avi Kiv)	lent	lent
Lie (wg_¨v K_v ejv)	lied	lied
Let (†`qv)	let	let
Light (cÖR¡wjZ Kiv)	lighted, lit	lighted, lit
Load (†evSvB Kiv)	loaded	loaded
Lose (nviv‡bv)	lost	lost
Look (ZvKv‡bv)	looked	looked
Live (evm Kiv)	lived	lived
Make (ˆZwi Kiv)	made	made
Mean (A_© Kiv)	meant	meant
Meet (mv¶vr Kiv)	met	met
May (nIqv ev Kiv)	might	might
Move (Nyiv)	moved	moved
Marry (we‡q Kiv)	married	married
Need (Avek¨K nIqv)	needed	needed
Open (†Lvjv)	opened	opened
Obey (gvb¨ Kiv)	obeyed	obeyed
Present	Past	Past Participle
Pay (†`qv)	paid	paid
Put (ivLv)	put	put
Play (†Ljv Kiv)	played	played
Punish (kvw¯— †`Iqv)	punished	punished
Promise (cÖwZÁv Kiv)	promised	promised
Praise (cÖksmv Kiv)	praised	praised
Read (cov)	read	read
Rid (Govb)	rid	rid
Receive (MÖnY Kiv)	received	received
Say (ejv)	said	said
Sell (weµq Kiv)	sold	sold
Send (cvVvb)	sent	sent
Shut (eÜ Kiv)	shut	shut
Shoot (¸wj Kiv)	shot	shot
Show (†`Lvb)	showed	showed
Sleep (Nygvb)	slept	slept
Spring (jvdvb)	sprang	sprang
Smell (MÜ jIqv)	smelt	smelt
Sow (exR †evbv)	sowed	sowed, sown
Spell (evbvb Kiv)	spelt	spelt
Spend (e¨q Kiv)	spent	spent
Spread (we¯—vi Kiv)	spread	spread
Stay (_vKv)	stayed	stayed
Sweep (SvU †`qv)	swept	swept
Teach (wk¶v ‡`qv)	taught	taught
Tell (ejv)	told	told
Think (wPš—v Kiv)	thought	thought
Weep (Kvu`v)	wept	wept
Wet (wfRvb)	wet, wetted	wet, wetted
Work (KvR Kiv)	worked	worked

English 2^nd Paper

The Parts of Speech

wb‡Pi evK¨¸‡jv j¶ Ki :

Masum is reading a book. (gvQzg eB co‡Q|) GLv‡b, Masum GKR‡bi bvg Ges book GKwU e¯‘i bvg cÖKvk Ki‡Q|
Shilpi is a good girl. (wkíx fvj †g‡q|) GLv‡b, good wkíx wK ai‡bi †g‡q Zv cÖKvk Ki‡Q|
Salam is playing football. (mvjvg dzUej †Lj‡Q|) GLv‡b, Playing (†Lj‡Q) mvjvg wK Ki‡Q Zv cÖKvk Ki‡Q|
Shahadat is a very good boy. (kvnv`vZ Lye fv‡jv †Q‡j|) GLv‡b, very (Lye) Øviv Shahadat ‡Kgb fv‡jv Zv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
The pen is in jony’s pocket. (KjgwU Rwbi c‡K‡Ui †fZi|) GLv‡b, In (‡fZ‡i), Pen (Kjg) I Jony’s pocket Rwbi c‡KU Gi g‡a¨ m¤^Ü cÖKvk Ki‡Q|
Lovely and Shilpi are two sisters. (jvfjx Ges wkíx `yÔ‡evb|) GLv‡b `and’ (I) Lovely Ges Shilpi `ywU kã‡K †hvM Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q|
Oh! How fine the scenery is. (ev! wK my›`i `„k¨|) GLv‡b, Oh (evt) g‡bi Av‡eM cÖKvk Ki‡Q|

myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q, Dc‡ii Sentence ¸‡jvi cÖwZwU Part ev Ask GK GK iKg KvR I A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Q| Zv&B Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, Sentence Gi Aš—M©Z cÖwZwU A_©‡evaK word -‡K Parts of Speech e‡j|

(English word can be divided into eight groups according to their function in a sentence. These are called parts of Speech.)

‡Kvb GKwU ev‡K¨i g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri Dci wfwË K‡i Bs‡iwR kãmg~n‡K AvU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| Zv‡`i‡K Parts of Speech ev c` e‡j|

Parts of Speech AvU cÖKvi| h_v :

Noun (we‡kl¨)
Adjective (we‡klY)
Verb (wµqv)
Adverb (wµqv we‡klY)
Preposition (m¤^Üm~PK Ae¨q)
Conjunction (ms‡hvRK Ae¨q)
Interjection (Av‡eMm~PK Ae¨q)

1. Noun (we‡kl¨) : Amina saw a cow in the field. (Avwgbv gv‡V GKUv Mi“ †`‡L‡Q|) Amina (Avwgbv) GKwU gvby‡li bvg, Cow (Mi“) GK RvZxq Rš‘i bvg, Field (gvV) GKwU ¯’v‡bi bvg †evSvq|

‡h Word Øviv †Kvb wKQzi bvg †evSvq, Zv‡K Noun (we‡kl¨) e‡j|

(Noun is the name of anything.)

‡hgb : Popy, Jasim, Dhaka, Cow, Pen, School, The Meghna, Gold, Jute, Honesty, Kindness, Health, Boy, Class, Man BZ¨vw`|

2. Pronoun (me©bvg) : Amir said, “I shall go home.” (Avwgi eji, ÒAvwg evwo hveÓ|) G Sentence G Amir Gi cwie‡Z© I e¨eüZ n‡q‡Q| hw` I e¨envi bv n‡Zv Zvn‡j Amir `yevi cvkvcvwk e¨envi Ki‡Z n‡Zv, Zv‡Z Sentence ¸‡jv ïb‡Z fv‡jv jvMZ bv|

(A Pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun.)

‡hgb : I, We, Me, You, Your, He, She, His, Her, Us, Our.

3. Adjective (we‡klY) : This is a beautiful flower. (GwU GKwU my›`i dzj|) G Sentence G beautiful (my›`i) Ñ G wordÑwU flower (dzj) G noun Gi ¸Y cÖKvk Ki‡Q|

‡h Word noun ev Pronoun Gi †`vl, ¸Y, Ae¯’v, msL¨v, cwigvY BZ¨vw` cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K Adjective (we‡k‡lY) e‡j|

(The word which qualifies a noun or a pronoun is called an Adjective.)

‡hgb : Good, Bad, Beautiful, Ugly, Soft, Hard, Small, Big, Honest, Lazy, White, Five, Eleven, Many, Much BZ¨vw`|

4. Verb (wµqv) : The boy is playing. (evjKwU †Lj‡Q|) G Sentence G Playing (†Lj‡Q) kã w`‡q The boy (evjKwU) wK Ki‡Q Zv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A_v©r KvR †evSv‡”QÑ

‡h Word Øviv †Kvb wKQz nIqv, _vKv ev Kiv †evSvq, Zv‡K verb (wµqv) e‡j|

(A verb is a word that does something.)

‡hgb : Play, Go, Eat, Read, Run, See, Write, Do, Sleep, Beat, Get, Drink, Laugh, Work, Come.

5. Adverb (wµqv we‡klY) : He walks slowly. (†m ax‡i nv‡U) G Sentence ÑG slowly G Word wU Walks G Verb wUi Ae¯’v cÖKvk K‡i Gi A_©‡K m¤cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Q|

(An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective or another adverb.)

‡hgb : Fast, Soon, Nicely, Timely, Very, Swiftly, Really, Gently, Kindly, Late, Not, Neatly, Clearly, Well BZ¨vw`|

6. Preposition (m¤^Üm~PK Ae¨q) : The pen in on the desk. (KjgwU †W‡·i Dci) G sentence G on (Dc‡i) kãwU The pen (Kjg) Ges desk (†W·) Gi mv‡_ m¤^Ü cÖKvk Ki‡Q|

‡h Word Noun ev Pronoun Gi c~‡e© e‡m sentence Gi Ab¨ †Kvb Word Gi m‡½ H Noun ev Pronoun Gi m¤^Ü eywS‡q †`q, Zv‡K Preposition e‡j|

(A Preposition is a word that is used before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation with some other word or words in the sentence.)

‡hgb : On, In, At, Under, Into, Beside, Over, After, By, To, Upon, Below, From, With BZ¨vw`|

7. Conjunction (ms‡hvRb Ae¨q) : Ismail and Ali are two brothers. (BmgvBj Ges Avjx `yfvB|) G Sentence G and (Ges) BmgvBj I Avjx `ywU Word ‡K GKÎ K‡i‡Q|

‡h Word GKvwaK Word ev Sentence ‡K hy³ K‡i, Zv‡K Conjunction e‡j|

(A conjunction is a word that joins sentences together.)

‡hgb : And, But, Or, While, Lest, Because, That, So, As, Until, If, Though, Till, For BZ¨vw`|

8. Interjection (Av‡eMm~PK Ae¨q) : Alas! I am undone. (nvq! Avgvi wKQz †bB|) G Sentence G Alas (nvq) g‡bi Av‡eM cÖKvk Ki‡Q|

‡h Word g‡bi AvKw¯§K Av‡eM (myL, `ytL, Avb›`, we¯§q BZ¨vw`) cÖKvk K‡i, Zv‡K Interjection e‡j|

(An Interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion.)

‡hgb : Oh, Ah, Bravo, Alas, Fie, Hush BZ¨vw`|

Dhamoirhat Bangladesh

Pages

Blog Archive

EDUCATION

A School Magazine

A FOUNTAIN PEN

A Book Fair

A Bus Stand

A Sun-Set Scene

National Flag

Load- Shedding

My Reading Room

Physical Exercise

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